Alexander Dugin

Alexander Dugin is a Russian political philosopher and author whose 1997 work Foundations of Geopolitics outlined a territorial and strategic vision for Russian dominance over the Eurasian landmass, a text that circulated in Russian military academies and security circles. He founded the Eurasia Party in 2002 and has elaborated what he calls the Fourth Political Theory, positioning it against both liberal democracy and classical communism. He has been placed under sanctions by the European Union and the United States.

Dugin’s Eurasianist doctrine has shaped the ideological framework within which Russian military strategy — including the accelerating deployment of drone and autonomous systems in Ukraine — is publicly justified. His geopolitical writings provide the conceptual architecture that Russian state media and officials invoke when framing the strategic necessity of technological modernisation in warfare.